A recent investigation by the University of California, Berkeley’s Investigative Reporting Program revealed how a secret system shields California’s police from allegations of misconduct. The system allows police officers accused of wrongdoing to resign and avoid lawsuits. In turn, police departments keep the misconduct confidential, which…

Pennsylvania law permits police officers to use force against citizens while acting in the line of duty. While making an arrest, for instance, an officer “is justified in the use of any force which he believes to be necessary to effect the arrest and of any force…